Common law – authority to institute proceedings on behalf of a juristic person - an applicant which is a legal person bears the onus to prove that the application which it has launched is authorised and that the individual who makes the application is duly authorised.

Plea of guilty – Accused pleading guilty to rape – Disputing the insertion of the penis into victim’s vagina – Asserting he inserted his finger into female genitalia of victim – State adducing forensic evidence – Presence of semen intra-vaginally highly indicative of penal insertion.